Step Away from Them

An Analysis of Frank O’hara’s â€Å"A Step Away From Them† At the turn of the 20th century, the movement of modern art began to distinguish itself by moving away from traditional and classical forms. Artists like Pablo Picasso were deconstructing their formal techniques by abstracting forms of conceptual art. We began to question and criticize: â€Å"Is that art? † By mid-20th century, the schools of the modern movement already began to echo into literature, dance, and music. Abstract Expressionist literature emphasizes spontaneity of motions and their fleetingness. Once a detail is mentioned, it disappears but resurfaces in the subconscious in the form of a daydream. Frank O’Hara’s â€Å"A Step Away From Them† adapts his unique style of free verse with arbitrary line breaks and enjambment. There is a relay of split-second action followed by spontaneous thought. Overall, the poem ventures into synapses of the mind in an urban space. O’Hara is the observer, self-satisfied, and content. In the first line, there is a felt quality of impulsive action. â€Å"So I go† gives a sense of urgency that we experience the moment our lunch hour hits. The meter of each word can be equal stressed. The I is a soft vowel, therefore, there is emphasize is on so and go. O’Hara combines two senses of visual and sound with â€Å"hum-colored. † Both senses capture dynamic movements like when someone takes a still photo of a moving object. The image of a cab smears across the photo. There is a distinction of the way space moves. Hum-colored can resonate sound that an engine makes. When we walk out the door into the city, the pace is already set. By line 3, the mind quickly wanders to the next visual moment. â€Å"Down the sidewalk† tells our awareness to focus on lunch hour of laborers. We are walking and capturing still photos. â€Å"Dirty glistening torsos† signifies the way construction workers eat shirtless. Another interpretation can perceive oil rubbed on their shirt hence the term, blue collar workers. At this moment, O’Hara draws an unconscious connection with the â€Å"yellow† colored helmets from the previous visual of hum-colored cabs. Yellow was missed due to the motion and sound. The color resurfaces from our short-term memory. He interjects nonchalant irony and inner wit with â€Å"I guess†. Despite stuffing themselves, they must protect themselves from falling objects. We have a sense of O’Hara’s humor and his eye for function. As your visual context moves upward to falling bricks, O’Hara draws the attention of the movement around ground floor, â€Å"heels† and â€Å"grates†. He does not add a space between lines. He follows each line with heavy enjambment. â€Å"Then onto the avenue† has a progression of walking around the corner to the next street. There is a new scene, new spatter of paint. He refers to a movie scene in pop culture by stating: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Then onto the avenue where skirts are flipping above heels and blow up over grates. (lines 9-11) In 1955, Marilyn Monroe filmed The Seven Year Itch in New York City. The scene of her skirt being blown up had caused a spectacle making Marilyn a movie sex icon. Motion of upward movement is describe with gestures like â€Å"flipping above†, â€Å"up over†, and â€Å"stir up. † The city is hot. According to O’Hara, â€Å"cabs stir up the air† (line 12). In the city, there is always a cab in sight. How they motion around the city block without air conditioning. There is no escape from the heated engine but O’Hara is indifferent and aloof by the motion around him because â€Å"[he looks] at bargains in wristwatches† (line 13-14). He is still to himself, an observer. In line 14, â€Å"sawdust† draws back to previous space, down the street of laborers construction site. He allows the reader’s thoughts to dilate at each new scene. At the end of each moment of space, he draws inward almost as if he constricts his pupils to see an off detail. â€Å"There/ are cats playing in sawdust. † (line 13-14) It is as if he has seen them playing from the corner of his eye. He ends line 14 with a period and finally begins a new sentence on line 15. The poem opens up â€Å"On to Time Square,† O’Hara bring our attention to the skyline. †¦and higher/ the waterfalls pours lightly† (lines 16-17). There is a use of abstract imagery in comparing the sky to waterfalls. When scanning the space in between the building, it narrows down further as if we look further down Broadway. The blue image may look like water pouring out. The poem takes place in the summer heat. Waterfalls have a feelin g of cool air and openness but nature is contrasted by the â€Å"†¦ sign / blows smoke over head† (lines 15-16). To blow smoke is an idiom that describes someone telling falsehood or lie. Advertising in Time Square is saturated with hype of consumerism and billboard marketing. The same interaction of hype is exchanged by the people of Time Square, the poem follows: . †¦A Negro stands in a doorway with a toothpick, languorously agitating A blonde chorus girl clicks: he smiles and rubs his chin†¦. (lines 17-21) In the previous space, onto the Avenue, O’Hara makes a reference to Marilyn Monroe. She is idolized again in Time Square as the â€Å"blonde chorus girl†, a character she plays in most of her movies. An African-American male easily talks as if he is hounding around lazily. In an urban space, interracial lines are not separated or set by bounds. â€Å"Clicks† can describe how someone talks with gum in their mouth. The click can be an interpreted as the tapping sound of high heels walking by. â€Å"Everything/ suddenly honks† (line 21-22). Our attention is drawn to pause again to gridlock on Broadway. We may think it is the blonde who causes everyone to honk. O’Hara reverts back to time and day, â€Å"†¦. 12:40 / of a Thursday† (lines 22-23). We are reminded that the hour is coming to a close. O’Hara is consumed by time, like the bargain wristwatch on the avenue. To him, with whatever is going on, time marks the next. The poem changes momentum when O’Hara sits down to eat. He quickly writes in a style like Edwin Denby, a critic and poet of modern dance. Comparing â€Å"neon in the daylight is a / great pleasure† with â€Å"light bulb† we associate neon with bright color and light bulbs being plain white. Time Square is synonymous for its light and color at night. This is the place O’Hara has lunch. He finds the daylight enjoyable and adds texture by juxtaposing words that provide a mixture of different culture and art. He sets more periods and commons like he is itemizing a list. He spells out names as though he is thinking about them in association of. There is less action or verbs and more inward thinking. He has an American â€Å"cheeseburger† and â€Å"chocolate malt† in an Italian Actress’s restaurant, JULIET’S CORNER. I think about when people migrated to United States and how they take on the American tradition. Comparing â€Å"Juliet† with â€Å"Giuletta Masina†, it is typical to change name spelling to English form. Giuletta Masina’s husband, â€Å"Federico Fellini† writes and directs movie. His signature style is bizarre, foreign, and surreal. O’Hara writes in Italian â€Å"e bell’ attrice† which translates to beautiful actress. I imagine when O’Hara watched foreign movies they had English subtitle. So far, names mentioned are all artists who have an influence in the arts. O’Hara is an elitist. It is who he knows that allows him to separates himself from mainstream. He watches foreign films, speaks Italian, and wonders about the function of clothing. He loves all forms of art. Still, the humble, ubiquitous cab captures his eye, O’Hara states: A lady in foxes on such a day puts her poodle in a cab. (lines30-32) In line 31, â€Å"on such a day† reminds us about the heat. There is a surreal moment about a lady wearing fur carrying a dog while he drinks a cold drink. She is out of place by wearing something out of season. He does not linger in the thought. He moves on to the avenue, on an upbeat, pointing out that it is the Puerto Ricans that â€Å"makes it beautiful and warm. † The poem makes another iconic turn. He mentions the deaths of three friends, a writer, a musician, and a painter. O’Hara poses a question: â€Å"But is the / earth as full of life was full, of them? † (lines 33-34) Lang Bunny, John Latouche, Jackson Pollack were able to capture life through their art. When they passed away was the world done with them? Puerto Ricans, in the avenue, were carrying on. Everything around still was beating and alive. It was through life moved on, O’Hara writes: And one has eaten and one walks, past the magazines with nudes and the posters for BULLFIGHT and the Manhattan Storage Warehouse, which they'll soon tear down. I used to think they had the Armory Show there. (lines 40-46) It makes me think about how the modern art movement started. The impressionist painting of Manet’s Le Dejeuner Dur L'herbe had shocked the art world because clothed men were painted having a Luncheon with a nude woman. Goya’s realist painting of Bullfighting spoke about humanity. He was the first to paint blood during the Spanish Revolution. However, where mass production of magazine and poster were sold, people ate and walk pass, the world was full of life. The world keeps moving. It feels like an end of an era when the poem mentioned â€Å"Manhattan Storage Warehouse† was being torn down. The â€Å"Armory Show† is also known as the International Exhibition of Modern Art which was formed in New York. O’Hara thought that exhibition was here. There is a feeling that the exhibition is held somewhere else. O’Hara ends on a brighter note. He is self-satified. Before he heads back to work, he has papaya juice. â€Å"My heart is in my / pocket, it is Poems by Pierre Reverdy. †(lines 49-50) The heart symbolizes love and affection. To have it in your pocket means that it is carried close to him. Pierre Reverdy is a critic, writer, poet of Cubism, Pablo Picasso. O’Hara love for the art will always be with him. Imitation of â€Å"Step Away From Them† I’m waking up from my first nap of day, the phone rings underneath a noise of pigeons. The angular sun peeks through lace curtains while dust particles slowly attempt to move. After the 10th ring, I’m wondering if it was important mostly likely, not. I’m out the door; down the three flights of winding stairs, let the kid from Apartment K through the security gate. K collects bright colored cans around the neighborhood. I refused to make eye contact. Someone is still buzzing him in, speaking inaudible sounds through a muffled rattling speaker. A van drives by. How many rings does it take? On Mission Street, the 14 runs every 5 minutes. Stores are tagged but stocked with novelty items of Golden Gates, painted ladies, and cable cars. Whoever wears these shirts, might as well, give up their wallets. A bootleg VHS copy of Natural Born Killers is being sold by a street vendor. Tiny feet hurry up the second floor. The Haitian drums resonated across the wooden floors, bouncing off high ceiling. It’s a Wednesday; another day same as the others. We are warming up for the next class. It’s was only a year ago that they decided to robbed Muddy’s. Ran, Rich, and Joker were in jail now. I’m swinging my arm trying to break the chain. Were they ever free? Was it the squeak in their voice that gave it away? Swinging and stomping. I am raising my machete to cut through sugar cane fields. My heart is in-sync with the drums.

Redeeming Qualities of Characters

Redeeming Qualities of Characters from â€Å"The Outcasts of Poker Flat† In â€Å"The Outcasts of Poker Flat†, each â€Å"immoral† character has redeeming qualities. Mother Shipping, a brothel owner, is the first to make the greatest sacrifice for another shows one of her redeeming qualities and her motherly nature. The Duchess, a prostitute, shows her redeeming qualities through being almost like an elder sister to Piney. And John Croakers, who despite his better knowledge of the situation, continues on with the group of outcasts and their young friends and continues to elf until his unexpected end.Despite their lowly characteristics, these three characters put forth amazing redeeming qualities which make them much higher than the hypocritical townspeople who banished them from Poker Flat. Mother Shipping is banished from Poker Flat for being a brothel owner. Despite this low standing part of her she has several redeeming qualities that redeem her from her past mistakes. The first redeeming quality she shows is her motherly nature toward not only Piney but the Duchess as well. Such as when she â€Å"requested Piney not to â€Å"chatter† (p. 88) when Piney said reckon now you're used to fine things at Poker Flat† (p. 88) this being her protecting the Duchess from embarrassment and protecting Pine's innocence. She also seems to show this side of her to Croakers as when she mentions that â€Å"el ‘didn't say ‘cards' once† during that evening† (p. 488) almost like a mother doting on the fact that her son had interest in something else besides his interest such as videotapes today, Sauerkraut's equivalent being card games. Another redeeming quality she has is her sacrificing herself for Pine's sake. At midnight on the tenth day she called Croakers to her side† (p. 490) and tells him that she is dying.She tells him not to â€Å"waken the kids† (p. 490) and take the bundle she is using as a pill ow. Within the bundle is her rations for the past week and she tells Croakers to ‘me to the (p. 490) and points at Piney. After she has done this she turns to the wall and passes away in her sleep quietly. This Mother Spittoon's top redeeming quality since she makes the greatest sacrifice for Piney and suffers for a week before dying Just for the young girl. This also plays into her quality f being motherly and trying to protect Piney by saving her rations for the girl knowing that they would not make it and run out food in due time.The Duchess is banished from Poker Flat for being a prostitute. Despite this immoral occupation she has several redeeming qualities. One of her redeeming qualities is that she protects Pine's innocence. She protects Pine's innocence by not telling her of what she was back in Poker Flat. She goes along with keeping the secret of not only her own past but Mother Spittoon's and Sauerkraut's when Croakers says mind out the truth about us all when they find out anything,† he added significantly, â€Å"and there's no good frightening them now† (p. 488).The Duchess's other redeeming quality is that she distracts Piney from their current situation so she won't be worried. She distracts the girl by directing â€Å"Piney in the rearrangement of the interior† of the cabin â€Å"with a taste and tact that opened the blue eyes of that provincial maiden to their fullest extent. † (p. 488). This action of the Duchess completely brings Pine's attention away from what is going outside and the events tit Uncle Billy and focuses her on the cabin and its furniture as well as the Duchess's knowledge of â€Å"fine things†.Croakers is banished from Poker Flat for gambling. One of Sauerkraut's much smaller redeeming qualities is when he insists on exchanging â€Å"his own riding horse, â€Å"Five Spot,† for the sorry mule which the Duchess rode. † (p. 485) so as to cheer not only her up but put the res t of the party into â€Å"closer sympathy' (p. 485), or a better mood. Another redeeming quality he has is that he stays with the party and â€Å"the thought of deserting his weaker and more pitiable companions never perhaps occurred to him. (p. 486) even though the others are all drunk and he, since drinking interferes with the mind, is completely sober. Another redeeming quality he has is that he doesn't think Billy has stolen their rides but he had instead â€Å"wandered from the camp and had accidentally stampeded the animals. † (p. 487). Another redeeming quality he has, which takes place in his past, is that he gave Tom back his money after a game of poker, or as he says â€Å"a â€Å"little game† which got him â€Å"some forty dollars† (p. 86) from the boy, but instead of keeping it he takes Tom and tells him o'er a good little man, but you can't gamble worth a cent. Don't try it over agar† (p. 486) and gives him his money back. Another redeeming quality Croakers has is that he gives Tom the snowshoes he has. Though Croakers could have used the shoes himself he â€Å"showed him the pair of snowshoes, which he had fashioned from the old pack-saddle. † (p. 490) and gives them to him telling the young man to use the shoes to save Piney to go to Poker Flat. Croakers even shows him the way far as the canon† (p. 90). Sauerkraut's final redeeming quality is that at the end even Hough he had made it he kills himself because the others had not, except for Tom, which made him â€Å"once the strongest and yet the weakest of the outcasts of Poker Flat. † Even though he had been strong through it all and had made it out of the cabin and got Tom to Poker Flat, he could not go on knowing that the others had died not just from the conditions but for each other and with nothing else to do, with nothing else in his hand, he ended the game that he called life.Mother Shipping, a brothel owner, makes the greatest sacrifice f or Piney and her motherly nature being her most distinguishing redeeming qualities. The Duchess, a prostitute, shows her redeeming qualities by protecting Pine's innocence and distracting her from the â€Å"streak of bad luck† the party came upon. And John Croakers, who despite his better knowledge of the situation, continues on with the group of outcasts and their young friends by staying with them, helping them, and not accusing others by what they had done in the past all the way up until his unexpected end which is another one of his redeeming qualities.Despite these characters lowly characteristics, these three put forth amazing qualities, actions which many could not have done, which make them much higher than the hypocritical townspeople who banished them from Poker Flat and cleanse them of their past mistakes allowing them all to pass on in peace which made it so that you could scarcely tell who had sinned.

Gothic a Revival of Culture

The Gothic, through the motif of the double explores the struggle between the good and evil within man† To what extent are Poe's short stories, Coleridge's Christabel and R. L Stevenson's Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde explorations of the duality of man. The gothic, as a fictional genre, came about as a result ot cultural changes in the eighteenth century; these cultural changes began to form through the renaissance. This transitional period between the Medieval Era and the modern world changed the way of thinking. The word itself means â€Å"revival† or â€Å"rebirth†.Moving further away rom religious devotion it allowed new ideas to form, thus the development of the gothic. â€Å"Hlstorlcally, the Goths were one of several Germanic tribes Instrumental In the fall of the Roman Empire†¦ [they] left no literature or art of their own, [and were] remembered only as the invaders and destroyers of the great Roman civilization. † 1 This historical aspect allowed the development of the new boundary pushing form of literature, Introducing elements of horror and romance Into newly formed gothic texts.The first gothic novel published was The Castle of Otranto, subtitled as â€Å"A Gothic Story† written by the English author Horace Walpole. This new style of writing was imitated both through prose fiction and theatrical drama through the texts; Coleridge's poem Christabel, many of Edgar Allan Poes short stories and R. L Stevenson's Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. Through time the interpretations of a gothic text changes, allowing the readers to challenge what they read. All three texts were published in the 19th century, except the first edition of Christabel (published 1797).This time period was primarily based around religion and Biblical Interpretations. And so, these new strange ideas may have angered the audiences due to the lack of religious devotion from the authors onto the characters, The ‘double', otherwise known as the ‘Doppelga nger,' was defined by Federick S. Frank as â€Å"a second self or alternate Identity, sometimes, but not always, a physical twin. The Doppelganger in demonic form can be a reciprocal or lower bestial self†2 The double motif suggests that we are burdened with a dual, for example, Dr.Jekyll and his evil double Mr. Hyde are contrasted to represent the battle between the rational, intellectual self (Jekyll) and the irrational, foul selt (Hyde). The double characters featured In texts are often paired within common relationships, such as family relations, hero/villain, creator/creature, etc. R. L. Stevenson's novel. Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde expresses the idea of the duality of human nature; however this motif did not arise fully until the last few chapters, when the relationship between Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Is revealed.We have already witnessed Hyde's overriding violence and have seen the contrasting gentle and honorable Dr. Jekyll, One of the main themes of the double is physic al appearance as Hyde is portrayed in animalistic erms: â€Å"short†, â€Å"hairy, and like a â€Å"troglodyte† with â€Å"gnarled hands† and a â€Å"horrific face†. But, In contrast, Jekyll Is described In the most elegant manner – â€Å"tall†, â€Å"refined†, â€Å"polite,† with â€Å"long elegant fingers† and a â€Å"handsome appearance†. This suggests Jekyll's experiment reduces his being to its most basic form, allowing evil to run freely, ignoring the unwritten rules of society.Stevenson explains the motif of duality toys uslng tne cnaracter 0T Jekyll as ne claims, â€Å"Man Is not truly one, out truly two,† as every soul contains traits of both good and evil, but one is always empowering. This novel is perhaps one of the most renowned examples of literature using the doppelganger idea; another theme stemming from the duplication of man is the psychoanalytical interpretation and the presentation of F reud's theory of the id and superego. Dr. Jekyll represents the superego and Mr. Hyde the id. It is in fact his mind that is the ego, bringing him back and forth between the two characters but Dr.Jekyll acknowledges and does what is morally best. The ego, hidden in his unconscious, is constantly debating between the superego and the ‘d, it's the good vs. evil and conscious vs. unconscious. The term ‘unconscious' is similar to that of the unknown, leading to a scary factor of a ‘double' as the living being is simply unaware of their instincts and desires, making them equally unaware of their capabilities. Sigmund Freud developed the theory of mental life called psychoanalysis, emphasising the psychodynamics of the mind.His most important assumption was the force driving a person's mental life, affecting their behaviour operating at an unconscious level; in one part of the personality call the id. The id works primarily on the pleasure principle bound up in self-grat ification and uncaring to others- again perating entirely at an unconscious level. Two other types of personality were assumed: ego and superego. The ego functions the reality principle, while the superego represents the person's ideal self, presenting the moral standards of society.The Juxtaposed types of personality; id and the ego are initially the two results we are left with when a character has a ‘double'. Similarly, In Coleridge's Christabel, the character of Geraldine becomes Christabel's evil double- arguably her id. The cause of â€Å"a shudder in [his] blood† from Dr. Jekyll in the presence of Mr. Hyde is not simply one characteristic of his nature. It is the combination of evil and disability. â€Å"Mr. Hyde was pale and dwarfish; he gave an impression of deformity†¦ a sort of murderous mixture† the realisation of obtaining â€Å"murderous mixture† expands Freudian theories of evil, the id, taking over the person.This uneven ratio of perso nalities causes such malevolence ideas of murder to form. Likewise, the perception of the divided self is also presented in Coleridge's Christabel. In this poem, the character of Geraldine becomes Christabel's evil double. Arguably, the poem explores the, â€Å"struggle of evil and innocence, [and] the manner in hich evil works upon and transforms innocence,†3 as in the extended poem we see Geraldine attempts to use Christabel's innocent image as an advantage: clearly demonstrating the divide between good and evil within the two female characters.The same sex double is equally shown within the two male characters of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. The idea of a same sex double, accentuates the concept of similarities between the actual self and the duplication. The same psychoanalytical approach, as used to interpret Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde's doubling, can also be used to argue many concepts, from Coleridge's poetry. The poem, the Kubla Khan, according to Coleridge, he claimed the v isions highlighted in the poem, occurred to him in a dream demonstrating -Freud's hypothesis of the unconscious, as the development of dreams is prominent in the unconscious region of the mind..Setting is also, a very important aspect of Gothic literature. The Garden of Eden is often used as a symbol in western literature; to show life before sin and corruption, the serpent and its temptatlons towards Eve, explore tne corruptlon 0T tne Innocent, temptatlons ana evil. This religious interpretation of the setting featured in Christabel differs to that of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. As Stevenson describes Dr. Jekyll's laboratory as, â€Å"a certain sinister block of building†¦ [This] bore in every feature the marks of profound and sordid negligence. With its decaying disguise and air of neglect, the laboratory quite neatly symbolizes the corrupt and perverse Hyde. The idea of the â€Å"laboratory' indicates the influence of the renaissance and the new science interpretations being made, unlike the religious, Garden of Eden imagery. The city of London itself is also represented in contrasting terms, as â€Å"both a foggy', â€Å"dreary', as a â€Å"nightmarish place†, and a â€Å"well-kept†, â€Å"bustling centre of commerce. Just as the characters Jekyll and Hyde and Christabel and Geraldine, have both positive and negative qualities, so does society.Doubling is yet again present in the second part of the poem of Christabel, whereby the dove being strangled by â€Å"the bright green snake† presents the spell casted from Geraldine onto Christabel, to mute Christabel's true speech and emotions. The image of the white dove shows Christabel's innocence, which had lost the battle between the envious serpent (Geraldine). The imagery of the serpent emphasises how religion was a prominent influential factor towards this poem, ymbolizing the Biblical translation of the serpent in the story of Adam and Eve.

Discuss Marx's concept of surplus value and the exploitation of Essay

Discuss Marx's concept of surplus value and the exploitation of workers by capitalists. How convincing is his argument - Essay Example Marx also considered labor as a form of private property, classical economists, whereby considering the social labor as dead labor. Nevertheless, the main objective of the paper is to analyze various arguments by Marx concerning the concept of surplus value and exploitation of workers by capitalist, in order to determine how convincing they are. Marx redefined human being as a social being, who conceives the human generic life as a social activity of labor in a way that the concept of alienation is established with a certain meaning. On the other hand, there are consequences related to the difference of the definitions, role of the concepts of value as it is depicted in his works. The theory of labor value focuses on the scope of economic investigation, whereby even the historians of economic thought included Marx among classical economists. Therefore, Marx’s theories are depicted as radicalized versions of the classical theory of labor value. Marx’s concept of labor va lue has been inspired Neoclassical or NeoRicardian theory, which argues that labor is a unit of measure of commodities and capital, as he applies the argument to discuss the theory of capitalist exploitation (Skillman, 362). Moreover, the difference appears more relevant to remember, since the works various economists such as Torrens and Sraffa have embraced the knowledge of labor value. This is through the Ricardo’s theory, which serves as a unit of measure of capital and social products under assumptions. Moreover, the effort of assigning the role of measuring the distribution of the social products to the concept of value is a crucial role in Marx theoretical framework. The critical role refers to the specifically social and historically relative state of production mode, which depends on the exchange value. There are claims by Marx indicating that the classical economists identified labor as a source of value, and they considered the law of the capitalist mode of producti on to be natural and internal. This resulted to consideration of value form being quite indifferent or external to the nature of the commodity. There is a significant explanation of Marx perception concerning the inability to deduce more developed form of value such as money and capital or labor from economic classes. Therefore, there is a critical aspect of Marx methods, which depends on exposing the relative value of social labor in the contribution made in the first section of Book I of The Capital (Skillman, 309). Marx claimed that the reason why political economist fails to recognize the source of value in labor is due to exclusive concern on the question related to distribution of the social products, which relate to the magnitude of the value. Consequently, they consider the labor manifests in the value of commodity, hence making them unable to differentiate between labor producing use value and labor producing exchange value. Invocation of price value equivalence by Marx is considered as ideal case of the commodity exchange, which is appropriate based on pursuing the basic logic of capitalist exploitation and treatment of alternative circuit of capital that fails to account for a mode of production in which they operate. Moreover, Marx suggests that an imprecise conception of capital is a social relation of production, whereby three divergent circuits of capital that

Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 4

Ethics - Essay Example A third system of ethics is the deontological theory that lays emphasis on self-rule, acts of kindness, and universal justice. The fourth ethical theory is the virtue ethics. This theory contends that morals exist internally, laying more emphasis on the production of individuals who act ethically because they are naturally good people. Utilitarianism is the fifth widely accepted system of ethics. According to this theory, utilitarianism as a theory of ethics contends that actions need to be considered as wrong or right with regards to the consequences that the actions have. The theory makes an argument that good actions are those that give great happiness to as many individuals as possible (Wundt, 2010). Despite the fact that utilitarianism as an ethical theory has come in for some criticism, especially from the philosophical side, the theory is the most convincing of all the other mentioned ethical systems. Utilitarian Ethical System Utilitarianism as an ethical theory can be dated as far back as the 17th century. The theory is attributed to Thomas Hobbes, who was an ancient student of philosophy before it was reviewed Bentham in the 18th century and Stuart Mill reviewed it later (Ekland-Olson & Dirks, 2011). Stuart mill is regarded as the utilitarian theory’s father with research showing that, following his review of the theory, the theory became part of modern thought. Many people view the theory as a viable alternative to the more accepted Christianity. The reason that it is the most convincing of all the other ethical theories is because it tends to make a judgment on an act as either wrong or right depending on the act’s outcome (Ekland-Olson & Dirks, 2011). The implication of this is that, the utilitarian theory enables people to consider what consequence the act has before they elect to pursue a policy or action over other options that are available to them. When an individual considers the consequences of their individual actions, the the ory allows them to take other persons’ interests into account, rather than just their own personal interests. This is highly convincing when considered as an ethical system. Ethics involves doing what is right with regards to the interest of other individuals instead of doing it to suit one’s own interests. Thus, it is clear that the utilitarian ethical system is focused on the creation of a happier existence for as many persons in the society as possible (Ekland-Olson & Dirks, 2011). This factor makes the theory more convincing than others do. Utilitarianism is also made more convincing as a system of ethics by yet another factor that is its practicability and rationality. The utilitarianism ethics have their basis on a balanced calculation on how many persons can have their happiness and satisfaction maximized by the actions taken and their consequences (Smart, 2011). This is simple and clear, and through the application of utilitarianism as a fundamental standard fo r the judgment of what is wrong and what is right, it avoids the contamination of the moral of morality with perceptions that are irrational, feelings, as well as prejudices. The most essential factor that conveys the highly convincing status to this particular system of ethics is the fact that there is practicality in the rational computation principle (Smart, 2011). As an ethical system, the utilitarian t

Relationships Among Organizational Culture, Human, Resource Practices Essay

Relationships Among Organizational Culture, Human, Resource Practices and its CEOs Leadership Style - Essay Example However, it should be a representative of the views of the employee’s beliefs to encourage innovativeness and free will. The organizational culture is likely to be shaped by the Human Resources practices, the CEO and the leadership styles applied. For example if stern action is taken by the management due to specific behavior ,then everyone in the organization will follow a certain pattern either to adopt or avoid the occurrence depending on the outcome. The most influential person in the organization to set the organizational culture is the company’s CEO. Although a CEO may come into a company long before its culture has been established, he/she has an upper hand in changing the way things are done in the organization. When mergers and acquisitions are formed, the organizational culture of the organizations involved in the merger is likely to be affected .In turn, this change will affect he effectiveness of the organization (Heller, 2007). Normalcy can be resumed after successful merger of not only the business side but the human resources which is directly related to the organizational culture of the new acquired business. ... nducted during the transition, Joe Moeller stated that he had worked in the Petroleum and Koch industries for the last 39 years .Although GP presented him with a total new playing ground, he was ready to take on the new roles to greater success encompassed on Koch’s culture â€Å"we will develop and leverage what we believe are the core capabilities of Koch companies and build a culture of principled entrepreneurship† (DeGross, 2006). During his leadership position in Koch, Moeller promoted an entrepreneurial culture that awards and develops superior performers in the organization. He believed in people rather than in systems. In Koch, every single employee right from the top to the bottom enjoyed the right to share their opinion under his leadership. From this one can tell that Moeller was a people oriented and democratic leader. He believes in the capacity of every employee in helping the company achieve its goals. He practiced democracy because all employees were at liberty of questioning the status quo. Furthermore, he would easily interact with employees in the lower cadre a characteristic that a servant leader would exhibit. Most of these leadership characteristic that he had were absent in the old G.P. To successfully change the old G.P’s culture to suit the Koch’s one, Moeller introduced entrepreneurial spirit that promoted a people oriented leadership. He did away with the bureaucratic ways of making decision and brought in a democratic and participative culture. He also promoted the free interaction among all levels of employees to exhibit a servant leadership style where junior employees would not fell intimidated by their seniors (DeGross, 2006). GP’s HR policies worked along bureaucratic systems. The employees were accustomed to going through

Corrections and Juvenile Justice Research Proposal

Corrections and Juvenile Justice - Research Proposal Example This is especially true when parents are away from home without ensuring that the child is properly monitored and maintained. Unfortunately, due to neglect, demographic and pathological concerns, the number of adolescents present in juvenile detention institutions is almost equivalent to the number of young adults enrolled in college and technical preparatory schools (Puzzanchera & Sickmund, 2008). According to behavioral scientists (Forth & Mailloux, 2000), few theorists have been able to identify the causation of juvenile recidivism and many have failed to examine the social milieu, parenting styles of their families, and the pathological potential of criminal behavior during adolescence. Behavioral scientists do not understand the pathological or demographic characteristics and how they come together to provide reliable predictors of recidivism (Forth & Mailloux. 2000). Approximately 47% of all youth commit delinquent and criminal acts (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1996). However , one of the most reliable and important references is self-report data, which according to a 1997 edition of the National Crime Reference Service surveyed over 2500 high school students who reported theft under fifty dollars; Twenty percent of the aforementioned number participated in violent acts, which included gang fights, causing bodily injury to another individual, and usage of weapons. The topic of predicting recidivism in juveniles is paramount to society, however, there has not been a lot of reliable research on the subject, and the information that is currently available is somewhat scarce and rapidly outdating (Griffin, 2005). Due to new trends in society such as the types of music available, younger parents, more career-oriented parents, the availability of illicit substances and prevalence of sexual situations in the media and prime time television, children are encouraged to grow up more rapidly than ever before expected. Unfortunately, these inclinations are destroyin g youth and forcing the courts to punish them as adults for their participation in crimes and maladaptive behaviors (Van Velsen, 2001; Griffin, 2005). The demographics in which the subjects were raised will be explored for adverse influences, which may have led them to criminal activity. The family origin will be examined to determine whether parenting styles might have influenced the subjects to turn to criminal behavior. Pathological conditions of the subjects will be explored to determine the impact of such conditions upon the propensity for criminal behaviors. The gender, race, sexual orientation, sexuality, and deformities of the subjects will be examined to determine whether these characteristics might have influenced the subjects to enter into criminal behavior. Criminal Justice Professionals, social workers, and public administrators must regroup and strategize, so that they can work together and offer more influential rehabilitative options and alternative assessment tools in order to predict the possibility of a juvenile recidivating or committing an act of violence. Purpose of the Study The purpose of this study is to determine how a sample of incarcerated youth would score on a violence predictor assessment instrument, which is designed to predict recidivism and/or maladaptive behavior. This study is an attempt to determine if there are pathological or demographic indicators that can assist in

Young People in American Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Young People in American Society - Essay Example According to the essay in 1990, students’ (adolescents) violent attitude and violence in schools got dedicated attention from the society. The move was based upon ensuring peaceful atmosphere in schools and colleges and to invest educational resources on productive and learning targets rather than disciplining young students. But evil behind this oppression remained strong and untouched so far and this evil is called ‘adultism’. The adultism is discriminatory ‘ism’ for young members of the society. This particular ‘ism’ consists of closest family members, teachers and elders etc. The after effects of this oppression are very dangerous and endless for example adults may force their dependants to steal, beg, fight, break laws, deal with drugs and adopt prostitution. In addition to illegitimate and immoral activities differential oppression can be inflict with apparently positive and ethical dogmas based upon religious beliefs, cultural trad itions and   regional   limits.From this paper it is clear that governments are allegedly great contributors of differential theory via discriminatory legal system against young people. The lack of protective laws for young people should be considered as oppressive behavior against them.  Our current economic systems are also dominated by certain group which is largely made up of adults. Thus it violates young people’s desires to take part in competition with adults in business and offices.... Political Ageism Governments are allegedly great contributors of differential theory via discriminatory legal system against young people. The lack of protective laws for young people should be considered as oppressive behavior against them. Economic Ageism Our current economic systems are also dominated by certain group which is largely made up of adults. Thus it violates young people's desires to take part in competition with adults in business and offices. Cultural Ageism Even though we are living in more civilized societies, but discrimination on the basis of sex, color, race, religion, ethnicity and age is universally everywhere. Children are among top victims in cultural divisions, they are not even provided with simple choices such as career, education, marriage and employment. Interpersonal Ageism Young people are oppressed interpersonally not only by parents, guardians but also by friends and siblings and sometimes by neighbors and teachers as well. Kind of oppressions by these groups is of discouraging, disrespecting and unrecognized nature. The reaction by the young people in response to oppressions is of severe violence oriented and it can be witnessed everywhere. In United Sates of America this oppression has resulted into extreme youth reactions in form of high rising school crimes, rage, and unlawful activities among students. The introduction of overly restricted rules and regulations is another contributor in juvenile offenses in United Sates, consequently pushing youngsters towards more depression and ultimately societal epidemic. A distinctive element of differential oppression is that the already victimized people (at the time of their youth) are

Midterm Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Midterm Paper - Essay Example Modern computers and technologically improved mobile phones have become close substitutes to television. However, it is very difficult for new players to enter the industry due to the high entry cost. 1b. According to Edwards, from a resource based view of the firm framework, it can be observed that the company nowadays increasingly focuses on sales of television sets, which provide standard features such as 3D displays. As part of this strategy, the company has recently announced an extensive reorganization of the unit. The company â€Å"has eliminated 30,000 jobs, entered into joint manufacturing ventures with rivals, and shed assets.† (Edwards, 2011). In addition, the company sold a number of its production plants. 1c. Referring to the structural characteristics of modern television manufacturing industry, the Sony’s strategy may fail in the long run. As discussed, television sets are being largely replaced by the modern computer and mobile phones. At this juncture, it is a cumbersome task for the company to survive the market competition by focusing only on the products’ standard features. 2a. In the words of Tracy, online retail industry is a rapidly growing market sector and this immense growth can be attributed to the industry’s ability to reach millions of potential customers at cheap cost. Market forecasts show that online retail industry would become one of the world’s most profitable industries by 2015. Nowadays, marketers are increasingly focusing on online shopping with intent to serve the interests of customers at a fairly low cost; and this situation is significantly intensifying the competition. Buyer power is higher in the online retail industry because of the stiff market competition whereas suppliers have a weak bargaining power over their clients. However, threat of substitutes is relatively high in the online retail industry although there are a

Benefits of Distance Learning Essay Example for Free

Benefits of Distance Learning Essay The benefits of distance learning are apparent as distance learning aims at meeting student’s needs. The offered outline is composed according to student’s needs and abilities. The most important factor affecting many future students who are willing to study is financial problems. Therefore firstly they consider financial benefits of any type of learning. Ability to take part-time job along with ability to save money plays an important role in choosing studying course. Students having financial problems also consider benefits in time management and distance learning gives the opportunity to study when it is convenient for a student. Therefore time management benefits have to follow financial ones. Furthermore, effectiveness of studying process is also a matter of concern for future students. Ability to correspond with teachers and other students via e-mail, telephone and chat rooms offers wide range of studying opportunities. Constant access to on-line libraries and data bases affects student’s choice. Students having full-time and part-time jobs would be able to pass exams during their available time. Finally, social benefits take the last place, because considerations about financial and studying benefits are more important in modern society as education is very expensive and one firstly thinks abut the ability to pay for the course and only then about the opportunities to lead social life. References Distance Learning Benefits. (2005). Retrieved October, 27, 2006, from http://www. distance-learning-college-guide. com/distance-learning-benefits. html

An Exegesis Of Colossians 3 12 17 Religion Essay

An Exegesis Of Colossians 3 12 17 Religion Essay Introduction In society there are innumerous encounters and engagements between Christians and non-Christian daily, some of these encounters are religious in nature the others are secular. The challenge to the Christian is to continuously exercise the commandment or requirements that God revealed via the Prophet Micah to do what is right, to love mercy, and to walk humbly with your God (Micah 6:8, NLT).  [1]  The elements for living a holy life are not difficult and they are not exhaustive; however, because of so many different interpretations available to the Christian readers, congregants and students, there is a high probability that confusion will reign in the minds of many. There are myriad teachings available to the Christian that are full of error, personal interpretations, non-Christian agendas and false teachings to name a few, that will lead to inappropriate application of biblical principles that will not properly represent Christ in the Christian ambassadorship to each other and t o the world. Following this further, living a holy life is a requirement for all Christians and the instruction for how to live holy is imperative knowledge for the Christian. Colossians 3:12-17 is an excellent source of instructions for Christian living. The passage asserts that God chose Christians to be a holy people. It stands to reason that He authored provisions to help Christians reach that goal. The passage presents several principles for instructing the Christian how to exhibit him or herself as a representative of Christ. The exegesis of this passage will disclose if the principles are applicable to the contemporary audience as it were to the original audience or if there is time driven deviation that renders it less impactful for modern application. Setting/Historical Background In order to comprehend the context of Colossians 3:12-17 it is important to have background information for the period in which it was written. Pauls penned intervention had to reflect his understanding of the Colossians worldview. It was a worldview that was eclectic and problematic. Its multiculturalism created a challenge for a church leader who was not versed and or educated in true Christian doctrines and its applicability. Paul is the author of the letter to the Colossians, he has the authority to write an account of holy living because of his conversion and life experiences. His history prior to his conversion on the road to Damascus and his experiences that trained him as an apostle to the Gentiles equipped him with the wisdom and knowledge for teaching and instructing. His pre-apostolic days begin with him being born into and raised in a prominent Jewish-Roman family. He is from the tribe of Benjamin which is where he obtained his name Saul, but his Roman name is Paul. He was circumcised on the eight day in accordance with the law; he was afforded the opportunity to be educated in the Greco-Roman rhetoric as well as Hebrew.  [2]   Paul was a student of Gamaliel (Acts 5:34) who was the grandson of Hillel and one of seven scholars to obtain the title Rabban which means our master.  [3]   The church in Colossae was composed of Jews and Gentiles which created a culture of syncretism, mixing Jewish legalism, with Greek speculation and the mysticism of the Orient.  [4]   The city of Colossae was a major city located on the Lycus River with accessibility to trade routes. It was downgraded to a secondary city by the first century A.D. Colossae was a neighboring city to Laodicea and Hierapolis; each city was approximately 10 miles from Colossae.  [5]  The church at Colossae received the gospel from Epaphras, a convert from the church in Ephesus; he urged Paul, who was in prison in Ephesus, to write a letter to Colossae to address heretical issues that were plaguing the church in Colossae regarding its battle with heresy; which was creating disruption in churches all over the western portion of Asia Minor.  [6]   Although, Paul never visited the city of Colossae, he was aware of the heretical spirit that swept the region. Like its neighbors, Colossae was infiltrated by a mixture of pagan doctrines influenced by pre-Gnosticism that regarded the body as evil to promote spiritual/non-material items as superior human form, known as mystical wisdom. The pagan influence led to questions about Jesus having a physical body as an ordinary man, error in esteeming angels, and proclaimed that salvation was the result of knowledge rather than faith.  [7]   There is contention that Paul wrote the letter to the Colossians from Rome and that it was delivered to the church by Tychicus during the early 60s. This is supported by those who refer to 4:7-8 as the reason for choosing Rome over Ephesus and Tychicus over Epaphras.  [8]   Analysis of Colossians 3:12-17 The Colossians comfort with pluralism subjected them to vulnerability in achieving solidarity in understanding and incorporating the doctrines of their new Christian faith. Their failure to comprehend the true essence of Christ and his personage as well as exclusiveness of Christianity revealed their need for intervention from one of authority in the doctrines such as an apostle in the faith. Therefore, Pauls letter to the Church of Colossae was necessary to substantiate the tenets of the faith and to emphasize as well as educate the new Christians regarding the expectations of their lives as Christian. Paul is the apostle to the Gentiles and it is incumbent upon him to respond to the needs of the Colossians as they struggle to manifest their faith and its tenets according to their understanding. Pauls letter is an instructional guide as well as being comprised of words of encouragement. Chapter 3 and verses 12 through 17 describes to the new Christians how they are new creatures in Christ. He reaffirms that Christ is deity in bodily form and the supreme head of the church (1:15-23). He also warns against false teaching and calls for the rejection of it. He further instructs them on how to live holy (Chapter 3). More specifically, Colossians 3:12-17 concentrates on two main ideas; one idea focuses on how to live holy as an individual and as a member of the body of Christ; and the other focuses on holy living as an individual and as a collective member of the body of Christ. The tools used to explore passage 3:12-17 are the King James Version (KJV), the New International Version (NIV), the New International Readers Version (NIRV), The Message (MSG) and the New Living Translation (NLT) Bibles, along with The New Analytical Greek Lexicon (The Lexicon), The Greek English Interlinear New Testament (The Interlinear) and Strongs Strongest Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible (Strongs) with various commentaries. Colossians 3:12-14 Put on therefore, as the elect of God, holy and beloved, bowels of mercies, kindness, humbleness of mind, meekness, longsuffering; forbearing one another, and forgiving one another, if any man have a quarrel against any: even as Christ forgave you, so also do ye. And above all these things put on charity, which is the bond of perfection. In verse 12 holy living entails more than a confession or conversion experience, it regards a change in lifestyle. The Interlinear uses put on (endysasthe) in the active continuous form emphasizing that Christians must continuously display Gods characteristics which manifests his holiness. They are manifested as mercy, kindness, humbleness, meekness, and longsuffering. The Message says, Dress in the wardrobe God picked out for you. Its rendition offers that these characteristics are not natural human characteristics; therefore, it requires action on the part of the individual and is attainable with the guidance of God. In the KJV, the word bowels (splagchna) are used; The Lexicon defines it as the heart or affections of the heart, meaning these qualities must come from within. By separating the characteristics by commas the KJV, NIV and the NLT indicate that each of the characteristics is part of a whole. However, the NIVR presents them in multiple sentences to demonstrate them as de finitive commands. The NLT renders that the Christian should demonstrate holy living by being clothed in tenderhearted mercy which is a translation for compassion (oiktirmou), kindness(chrestoteta), humility(tapeinophrosyne), gentleness for meekness(prauteta), and patience as longsuffering(makrothymian); these are acts that God has demonstrated towards us. Bruce Buoton describes the characteristics of tenderhearted mercy, kindness, humility, gentleness and patience as imitations of Gods acts towards man.  [9]   In verse 13 holy living is explored further, here all Christians are required to forgive one another because Christ has forgiven (charixomenoi) them. Failure to forgive others whom God has forgiven results in suffering. Robert E. Wall expressed that the holy response (to any offense) prompted by grace is to forgive. . .We forgive because we are already forgiven, we secure Gods forgiveness by forgiving others.  [10]  Forgiving allows the Christian to tolerate the offenses of others and to act in their behalf for their benefit. Forgiveness is essential in Christian growth, fellowship and manifestation. It is one of the characteristics of God that allows Christians to imitate him without necessarily displaying overt actions. The act of forgiving is a sign that the Christian is maturing as a Christian. In verse 14 love is exhorted above all the other characteristics and is determined to be the virtue that bonds all the characteristics together. It is impossible to live a holy life without love, The MSG expresses, And regardless of what else you put on, wear love. It is your all purpose garment. Never be without it. All of the aforementioned translations agree on loves ability to make the other virtues possible, for instance the NLT interprets the verse as, Above all, clothe yourselves with love, which binds us all together in perfect unity. The Greek word for bond (sydesmos) in The Lexicon is described as bundle or connection. It is used in the same way in Ephesians 4:3 make every effort to keep the unity of the Spirit through the bond of peace (NIV). Love is the adhesiveness that unites all the virtues; it is joined in significance by the virtue of peace. Colossians 3:15-17 And let the peace of God rule in your hearts, to the which also ye are called in one body: and be ye thankful. Let the word of Christ dwell in you richly in all wisdom; teaching and admonishing one another in psalms and hymns and spiritual songs, singing with grace in your hearts to the Lord. And whatsoever ye do in word or deed, do all in the name of the Lord Jesus, giving thanks to God and the Father by him. When the Christian has adopted the characteristics in verses 12-14 and internalized them, a notable change should be evident by familiar observers. Holiness should be readily manifested and perceivable. One of the key words in verse 15 is the word rule. The Interlinear, shows rule is derived from let arbitrate (brabeutw) in all of the translations besides The MSG. The MSG converts the Greek into in tune. . .in step with each other. Pauls familiarity with the word, in accordance with The Lexicon, would have been umpire, or someone who governs a conflict. The Colossians would have understood keeping the peace as tantamount to resolving conflicts.  [11]   The MSG emphasis is the body of Christ unified (swma(i))as it addresses the meaning of the verse. It emphasizes every collective decision and action that comes from the community will have the character of peace if all members stay in tune and/or in step with each other.  [12]   Furthermore, verse 15 exhorts Christians to be thankful (euchiaristoi) or mindful of the benefits  [13]  if being part of the body of Christ. Strongs Concordance clarifies thankful as in mind and attitude which enhances the spiritual well-being concerted with the physical well-being of the individual and the body of Christ.  [14]   Verse 16 moves the reader or Christian to the command to teach and admonish one another in wisdom (sophia) which has both divine and secular connotations, according to Strong; however, Pauls inclination was a reference to Christian enlightenment as found in 1 Corinthians 12:8.  [15]  There is variance between The MSG which denotes this virtue or command to mean use common sense, whereas, the NLT state Teach and counsel one another with all the wisdom he gives. Verse 16 iterates to Christians to exercise the virtues of holy living and to continuously communicate that to one another. The emphasis is that when God enlightens a person that person is qualified to exercise authority to teach and admonish others. Each member of the body of Christ is called to model the holiness demonstrated by Christ. In order to imitate his model the individual must have the Spirit of God residing inside of him, moreover, the Spirit of God can only dwell in the individual if the that individual lives a life of holiness. The Interlinear text uses let dwell (enoiketw) in the imperfect tense in verse sixteen. It is used to demonstrate that Christs spirit within the heart first occurred when the individual accepted Christ as Lord; it is an action that is present and ongoing. The other aspect of verse 16 includes the singing of psalms, hymns and spiritual songs. The MSG says sing your hearts out to God whereas the NIV, NIRV and NLT render the concept as to sing with thankfulness. The KJV links both sections of verse 16 as a single action, meaning that the singing and teaching are synonymous to praise and admonishing. Also, the singing of the songs, spirituals and hymns with joy and thanksgiving display to others that the Spirit of Christ dwells within. When Christs spirit dwell within the Christian then Christ rules the heart and life and the person is authorized to teach and admonish because it is accommodating the Spirit of Christ. Verse 17 mandates that whatever and whichever virtue the Christian manifests, do it in the name of the Lord Jesus with thanks to God and the Father through him. The primary responsibility of living a holy life is for the glory of God. In concert, the verses 12-17 equip the Christian with guidance and instructions to live a holy life within the ability of the Christians and in response to Pauls exhortation in Romans 12:1-2. Applications The worldview has crept into the church and some of the moral authority of the church has come into question because of the level of tolerance experienced by the church today. Tolerance is not a negative thing, but there are mandates such as notable in the Ten Commandments that restricts some tolerations. The behaviors exhibited by a large number of highly visible Christians (not just renowned ministers) in their lives denote that holy living has been compromised. There are denominations that allow clear abominations to exercise the office of pastors and ministers, such as ordaining homosexual ministers and subjecting Christians in need of guidance, teaching and admonishing to their authority. Equally compromising is the congregations that outwardly support and accept this deviancy. The modern society in First World countries is replete with narcissism, public acceptance of vulgarity (as demonstrated in music and audio-visual media)and Christian lifestyle has become compartmentalized. Applying the principles or virtues found in the passage of Colossians 3:12-17 in todays society should be exceptionally easy because of the communications capabilities that are available such as the internet, satellites, cell phones and public forums. These same forums are used to counter the work of the church emphatically. The Church has to do as Paul and the other apostles and early Christians did in building up the faith and the church. It must espouse it doctrines at every opportunity and do not settle for a small corner to shout from. It must begin within the body of Christ first. The church must hold Christians accountable for their behaviors that are compromised and encourage them in the behaviors that exemplify the virtues found in the passage. Heads of households must take the responsibility of their family religious education in the home environment and not allow worship and services to be a Sunday event only. Holiness must become a lifestyle; it must be exhorted within the body of Christ community first and then missioned to the rest of the world. Music must be acceptable, television and other media must adhere to family values by presenting wholesome entertainment. Finally, each Christian has to develop the attitude to teach one, reach one so that no Christian is left behind. The children must be taught Christian values at home without compromise. Most importantly, Christian hearts must be governed by Christ and honor given to God. There needs to be a campaign to teach and encourage each Christian to exert the virtues of mercy, kindness, humbleness of mind, meekness, longsuffering/patience, forgiveness and love. Each church should have an education plan to initiate and sustain such a campaign. Conclusion The Bible is composed of mandates, laws and principles for Christian living that is sometimes explicitly clear such as You must not murder. (Exodus 20:13), and some not so evident such as And let the peace that comes from Christ rule in your hearts. (Colossians 3:15). There are several translations of the Bible that create debate within the Christian community and sometimes result in controversial applications in some aspects, such as Exodus 20:13 rendered in the New Living Translation as You shall not murder. whereas in the King James Version it is rendered Thou shall not kill. The impact of the two different wordings has affected the secular arena as well as the religious one. Abortions, military wartime service and the death penalty are three of the subjects associated with controversy regarding both editions of the verse. Avoiding confusion and controversy is not always possible, there are passages in the Bible that are not just principles but also instruct the Christian how to live. A law or situation is not necessarily transferrable from the context known to the original audience to the conditions and situations in modern times; some applications are situational and time sensitive. The instructions are clear and applicable to life situations for the environment of the original audience or for the contemporary audience. Sometimes they are applicable to both audiences but there must be some parallel but not necessarily the same conditions present. The examination of the words of Paul in Colossians 3:12-17 reveals there are instructions that are clear and applicable for holy living and they migrate across the time spectrum from the original audience through the contemporary audience. Living a holy life is mandatory for Christians and necessary to please God. It is the Christian responsibility to present God to the world, the passage aforementioned provides instructions and guidance for execution. How the Christian lives should reflect what he or she believes in accordance with the conditions set forth by the applicable Scriptures. The Christian walk should parallel the Christian talk. As a member of the body of Christ the modern Christian incurs the responsibility to teach and admonish fellow Christians as needed. He and she have the advantage of hindsight as well as the principles denoted in the passage 3:12-17 to aid and assist their growth and development as productive Christians with the same urgency and proficiency of the early Christians. Appendix Block Diagram Colossians 3:12-17 (NIV) 12Therefore, as Gods chosen people, holy and dearly loved, clothe yourselves with compassion, kindness, humility, gentleness and patience. 13Bear with each other and forgive whatever grievances you may have against one another. Forgive as the Lord forgave you. 14And over all these virtues put on love, which binds them all together in perfect unity. Therefore As Gods chosen people Holy and dearly loved Clothe yourselves With compassion, kindness, humility, gentleness and patience. Bear with each other And Forgive whatever grievances You may have against one another. Forgive as the Lord forgave you. And Put on love over all these virtues Which binds them all together in perfect unity. 15Let the peace of Christ rule in your hearts, since as members of one body you were called to peace. And be thankful. 16Let the word of Christ dwell in you richly as you teach and admonish one another with all wisdom, and as you sing psalms, hymns and spiritual songs with gratitude in your hearts to God. 17And whatever you do, whether in word or deed, do it all in the name of the Lord Jesus, giving thanks to God the Father through him. Let the peace of Christ rule in your hearts Members of one body (Since As) You were called to peace. And Be thankful. Let the word of Christ dwell in you richly As you sing psalms, hymns and spiritual songs With gratitude in your hearts to God. And Whatever you do (Whether) in word or deed Do it all in the name of the Lord Jesus Giving thanks to God The Father through Him. Sunday School Lesson for Adults Colossians 3:12-17 Focus verse: Colossians 3:13 Introduction Forgiveness -As for volunteers to read each verse. -Give an illustration of a marital event that requires forgiveness although it is very difficult to do. Why do we forgive? Definition of forgiveness Explanation Discuss focus verse and Gods command to forgive Inquiry- Have class name times/situations that they have done something wrong and how they felt. Bearing with one another/ Ways to forgive. Explanation We are to forgive others because God forgives us refer back to verse. Explain how the husband is a reflection of God and wife is a reflection of the sinner. Demonstration- Two class members will act out scenarios followed by brief discussion of the incidents: -inappropriate conversations with the opposite sex -meeting someone other than the spouse for friendly night out Application- Have class name situations in which they/others should be forgiven and how to do so. Reiterate the passage that emphasizes that God forgave us first. Illustration- Finish story with husband forgiving wife due to her sincere apology. Re-emphasize how God forgives us and we should forgive others. Conclusion We are to seek forgiveness and forgive others because God forgives us. -Review of passage focus verse. Allow for questions/comments. -Prayer asking God to forgive us for our sins and help to forgive others. -Song.

Threats to Quality Web Designs Network System (QWD)

Threats to Quality Web Designs Network System (QWD) Executive Summary The main purpose of this report is to existent the potential security threats that aspects Quality Web Designs network system (QWD). QWD specializes in website and web content design for dissimilar types of business and any type of security threat can significantly disturb its business operations. It is significant to uncover any potential vulnerabilities, assess potential threats, and the potentials of the threat happening. It is also vital to calculate what might happen to the business process and competitive edge of the company if the threat occurs. Two security vulnerabilities in both QWD security policies and software are deliberated in the report. Finally, we discuss the impact the security modifications have on the business process. Company Overview Quality Web Design (QWD) is an institute that focusses in the Web site and Web content design for all different types of businesses. QWDs assignment is to deliver best quality Web design that will increase consumer income to QWDs customer Web sites. QWDs database comprises over 250,000 branded images and graphical designs that will improve most Web sites demand to a goal demographic. QWD is able to offer its clients the capability to offer their audience a customized interface. Indifference lot of consistent services were delivered by Quality web Design Company to their customers in such a way that there wont be any security problems in the organization anymore. There were several limitations to every company and Quality web Design can overcome them. QWD superiorities itself in having their own web designers that use ritual scripts and applications. This sets the company apart from other competition. The company operates Microsoft Visual Studio Team Foundation Service server to promise constant development of the site from start to end. The company also has its own payroll, marketing, and accounting departments which are significant to the business operations. Security Vulnerabilities Security Policy Vulnerability QWDs security policy does not discourse the topic of employees using company equipment such as the IPhones, Windows cell phones, and laptops for personal use. This should be lectured in an Acceptable Use Policy. By the company not making a policy, only for the company use only they are making the equipment, it grasses the company vulnerable to open occurrences. It is not impracticable to contemplate that employees do use company delivered equipment for personal use. Employees usage the devices to send and receive private emails through non-related company sites such as Gmail, Hotmail, and Yahoo. They use the company devices to surf the web, shop for items, play games, download applications, get on social networks such as Myspace, Facebook, and Twitter, watch videos, and even listen to music. According to one site on employee internet use, employees spend about one-third of their time on the Internet for personal reasons. (Employee Internet Use) This means that out of a regular 40 hou r work week, employees are spending 13.33 hours doing personal Internet usage. This also relates to employees who offer their mobile numbers for personal use on the Internet. Sometimes sites need registration and things such as contact phone numbers must be included, Unfortunately, for some employees, the only number they have to use is the company issued mobile phone. It means that the employee is given that the company mobile phone as their point of contact number. This type of vulnerability delivers the prospect of pressures beside the company by not having a policy in place. The threat that can arise is if an employee downloads a virus, malware, or Trojan to their mobile phone, laptop, and even desktop. This is especially so for the remote devices because when these are connected to the Exchange server, it can infect the corporate network. If an employee is using their desktop to surf the Internet for private usage and they open an email sent by a contact that has a virus attached, it can infect the network. Another example is if an employee registers for something personal online, such as sweepstakes, this can be a problem. If a hacker gets a hold of the information, the hacker could send a text message that has instructions to download something that contains a virus. If an employee is under the guess that they have won something that they know they signed up for, many will not hesitate to download the link. Since devices such as mobile phones and laptops are used more often off site by employees, providing them more time to use for their personal use, it makes the risk highly likely. If statistics suggest that employees are on the Internet one-third of the time for private use at work, it would seem to be a lot higher when employees are at home or not at work. This means they are checking emails more often and downloading content which could be infected. They could even let family members and friends use their devices to access the Internet. Employee Internet Use editorial also conditions that over $85 billion is vanished each year by companies because employees are using company time to access the Internet for personal use. If anything the employee has downloaded and allowed to infect the company network, it is safe to say that number goes up. If infections are passed onto the network, it could halt business processes. In order to fix the problem, it would cause the company time and money. The company also has to try and assess how much and what type of damage was caused by the attack. It could also keep employees from accessing necessary applications, emails, and work on time sensitive projects. Software Vulnerability Agreeing to Microsoft Visual Studio (2008), the Team Foundations Server (TFS) is a software implement that offers project administration abilities, recording, work stalking, and source control. Team foundations server also holds a data warehouse where all data from testing implements, source control, and item tracking are stored. QWD customs TFS in its business routes as a warehouse of custom applications, procedural written scripts, and web site templates. The TFS warehouse contains a database code source, an application server, and a web server. QWDs TFS server is placed at their corporate office, though it can also be opened distantly by Internet Protocol Security (IPSec) tunnel connecting the corporate office to the database server. TFS has a cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability that may give an unofficial remote attacker admission to an application (Cisco, n.d.). XSS is in the list of the top 10 web application vulnerabilities and signifies 26 percent of assaults from a review done by the Open Web Application Security Project (Nithya, Pandian, Malarvizhi, 2015). The vulnerability is a result of not sufficient confirmation on user-supplied input in constraints referred to the exaggerated application. A remote attacker who has not been authenticated may use the vulnerability to convince a QWD user to follow a malicious link that leads to a malicious site and use deceptive instructions to convince the user to click the link. If the remote attacker is successful, they can execute cross-site scripting attacks and can motive severe security damages such as cookie hold up and account hijacking (Shar Tan, 2012). The vulnerability will result in insignificances to assignment serious business procedure since the attacker can increase access to QWDs intranet, Microsoft Share Point, the web server, and cookie-based validation. The assailant can delete or alter QWD website patterns and custom written scripts that are deposited on the server. In addition, QWDs competitive advantage will be exaggerated by the damage of integrity, loss of key customers and associates. Reserved data can be sold to competitors making QWD suffer losses and bear the cost of repair. Summary In any organization, the corporation must take into explanation any security matters that can offend the company, employees, and its customers. QWD must take into account the vulnerabilities related to its technological procedure and how it can mark the business. It is main to look at the software and security policy vulnerabilities and how to defend the company from any probable pressures and threats. It is supposed that by addressing the satisfactory use policy of company equipment for private use and the wireless access points of company laptops, this can aid in keeping the company network more secure. References Clancy, Heather. (2011). Mobile device security strategies. Retrieved on March 21, 2012, from http://searchnetworkingchannel.techtarget.com/feature/Mobile-device-security-strategies Defending Cell Phones and PDAs Against Attack (2006 August 9). Retrieved on March 21, 2012, from http://www.us-cert.gov/cas/tips/ST06-007.html Elliott, Christopher. (2011) Retrieved on April 10, 2012, from http://www.microsoft.com/business/en-us/resources/technology/broadband-mobility/6-wireless-threats-to-your-business.aspx?fbid=Hsna4GJxWrg Employee Internet Use. Retrieved on March 29, 2012, from http://www.connections-usa.com/employee-internet-usage.html Evil Twin. Retrieved on April 4, 2012, from http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/evil-twin Hotspot Usage to Reach 120 Billion Connects by 2015, Says In-Stat (2011 August 29). Retrieved on March 29, 2012, from http://www.prweb.com/releases/2011/8/prweb8751194.htm MiFiÂÂ ® 4082 Intelligent Mobile Hotspot. Retrieved from http://www.novatelwireless.com/index.php?option=com_contentview=articleid=276:mifir-4082-intelligent-mobile-hotspotcatid=19:mifiItemid=12 Mobile Broadband Cards. Retrieved on April 10, 2012, from http://www.todayswirelessworld.com/mobile-broadband-cards/ Mobile Broadband Cards

The Effects of Child Abuse on a Child´s Education Essay -- abuse, cons

Child abuse has become a chronic and common issue in the country today. In the United States of America, an estimated three million children are victims of abuse every year. Whether the abuse is physical, emotional, sexual, or neglect, the scars can be deep and can have a negative effect on a child’s education. According to academic research preformed at Brown University in April 1996, it was noted that abused children have a harder time maintaining good grades in school due to their stressful home lives, which leads to a lack of focus in the classroom. These issues are severely hurting the education of many children which damages their conscious development. Unstable households are the number one cause of children not performing at the level of proficiency in the classroom. (Family Mobility Helps) There are four different types of abuse, but the effects are similar, which is physical, or emotional harm placed upon the child. There are certain types of abuse that are often har der to identify. Neglect is the most common form of child abuse. Family members and caregivers are the abusers in most cases. Research has shown there are three major reasons why abuses children suffer academically. The reasons are withdrawal, poor communication/social skills, and behavioral problems. Child abuse does not only hurt a child’s education, but can lead to deaths. Therefore prevention is the key to the success of a child’s future. (Rynders) Failure to provide a child with basic necessary needs is known as neglect. Neglect has become the most common form of child abuse, and its effects have been recognized as the most detrimental to a child’s development. According to Zorika Petic Henderson’s article â€Å"Maltreated Children Fail in School†, Childr... ...hol. With the chronic issue of child abuse still affecting children’s education today. It is a key importance that people must not give up on children who are victims of child abuse, but make it their personal goal to help them prosper. School is not just a place where children go in the morning, but a social learning environment that provides students with a lifelong tool of knowledge. As children grow older and into different developmental stages the demand for love, support, leadership, and positive role models are crucial. Abused children are missing these essential needs; this is why the famous saying â€Å"It takes a community to raise a child† still holds true today. The education of abuse children is not a lost cause and with proper treatment and teaching they will grow up to be just as successful if not more successful than any other non- maltreated child. The Effects of Child Abuse on a Child ´s Education Essay -- abuse, cons Child abuse has become a chronic and common issue in the country today. In the United States of America, an estimated three million children are victims of abuse every year. Whether the abuse is physical, emotional, sexual, or neglect, the scars can be deep and can have a negative effect on a child’s education. According to academic research preformed at Brown University in April 1996, it was noted that abused children have a harder time maintaining good grades in school due to their stressful home lives, which leads to a lack of focus in the classroom. These issues are severely hurting the education of many children which damages their conscious development. Unstable households are the number one cause of children not performing at the level of proficiency in the classroom. (Family Mobility Helps) There are four different types of abuse, but the effects are similar, which is physical, or emotional harm placed upon the child. There are certain types of abuse that are often har der to identify. Neglect is the most common form of child abuse. Family members and caregivers are the abusers in most cases. Research has shown there are three major reasons why abuses children suffer academically. The reasons are withdrawal, poor communication/social skills, and behavioral problems. Child abuse does not only hurt a child’s education, but can lead to deaths. Therefore prevention is the key to the success of a child’s future. (Rynders) Failure to provide a child with basic necessary needs is known as neglect. Neglect has become the most common form of child abuse, and its effects have been recognized as the most detrimental to a child’s development. According to Zorika Petic Henderson’s article â€Å"Maltreated Children Fail in School†, Childr... ...hol. With the chronic issue of child abuse still affecting children’s education today. It is a key importance that people must not give up on children who are victims of child abuse, but make it their personal goal to help them prosper. School is not just a place where children go in the morning, but a social learning environment that provides students with a lifelong tool of knowledge. As children grow older and into different developmental stages the demand for love, support, leadership, and positive role models are crucial. Abused children are missing these essential needs; this is why the famous saying â€Å"It takes a community to raise a child† still holds true today. The education of abuse children is not a lost cause and with proper treatment and teaching they will grow up to be just as successful if not more successful than any other non- maltreated child.

Shakesperean Clothing Essay -- essays research papers

Have you ever looked at a picture of your parents when they were your age? Or maybe your grandparents from way back when? Well, judging by how much we laugh at their goofy clothes and ridiculous shoes, not to mention the hilarious hairstyles, styles have changed a lot. We?ve gone from high waists to low waists, baggy shirts to shirts that could fit your little sister, from bellbottoms to skin-tight jeans, and from voluminous hair to straight and silky locks. Yes, style can change a lot in a few decades and if you think that's a lot of change, try going back a few centuries, to the times of Shakespeare! Back then, the women wore a lot more clothes than we do, that?s for sure! The style included a chemise, stockings (hose), a corset or bodice, a hooped skirt called a Farthingale, a roll (rowle), a stomacher, a petticoat (or a few), a kirtle, and a forepart as underclothes. For over-clothes, they wore a gown, separate sleeves, a ruff, a cloak, shoes, and a hat. I never wear that many layers. Can you imagine how warm it would be in those clothes all day in the middle of July? As f...

Renaissance Man

Florida Institute of Technology Civilizations I – Professor Lusty December 15, 2012 Think about the qualities of a Renaissance Man. Choose a man/woman/profession from the late 20th (or early 21st) century –even someone still alive today– that you think encompasses the spirit of the Renaissance ideal, and give 2 specific areas/ aspects that connect to this ideal. Be as specific as you can. What are the qualities of a renaissance man?According to the dictionary, a incessant man is â€Å"a cultured man of the Renaissance who was knowledgeable, educated, or proficient in a wide range of fields or a present-day man who has acquired profound knowledge or proficiency in more than one field† (Dictionary. Com, 2012). Using this definition, there is one who comes to mind as a renaissance man; Patrick Byrne. Patrick Byrne, Overstock. Coma's Chief Executive Office and Chairman, â€Å"has a Bachelor of Arts degree in Chinese studies from Dartmouth College, a Master'sD egree from Cambridge University as a Marshall Scholar, and a Ph. D. In philosophy from Stanford University' (Forbes, 2012). His quest to improve the academic quality for America's children has resulted in his appointment to Co-chairman of the Friedman Foundation for Educational Choice. He has founded numerous schools internationally – 19 to be exact – and implemented programs to help fund education by directing funding directly to the teachers and in the classrooms.To date, states such as Georgia, Texas, Kansas has implemented the 65% rule, agreeing that 65% of every dollar will be used for classroom instruction. Other states such as Dakota and South Carolina are considering implementing the same program for the schools in the states. As a former professor, Byrne, accompanied several Dartmouth students to Beijing, teaching a course on the economic conditions of the country while there. Byrne has also taught several classes at Dartmouth.Barnes achievements, which also i nclude having a black belt in Tea Swan Do, increasing awareness for cancer research, being a writer and Journalist, and an investor, definitely correspond with the definition of a modern day renaissance man. References Dictionary. Com. (2012, December 14). Retrieved from Dictionary. Com: http:// dictionary. Reference. Com/browse/renaissance+man Forbes. (2012, December 14). Retrieved from Forbes. Com: http://www. Forbes. Com/profile/Patrick-Byrne-2/

Ethos Logos Pathos

Ethos Logos Pathos BY watermelon Everyone knows about the gas prices rising, and Assurance uses that to there advantage. Raise you hand if you would pay for gas today if you knew the price was going down tomorrow. Who would right? We need to use gas every day and we pay so much to buy it. Most people like to save money but only when it's convenient. Assurance has made saving money easier than ever on a product we buy every week. Thesis Statement: Assurance states that with the Flocculates, the gas price predictor this will no longer be a problem. Ethos- credibilityObserving the element of ethos in this ad is pretty easy. Aside from flashing there logo a couple times in the ad, Assurance, a company well known for changing the way we use smart phones and computers to purchase the necessities of life, like car insurance. They were the first company to make it possible to purchase car insurance yourself without an agent. They are always looking for innovative ways to keep helping their c ustomers skip the middleman. They are building on their reputation for providing good online applications by now providing the Flocculates. PathosThis Assurance commercial lacked in pathos, or emotion. The ad focused more on ethos and logos. That is one thing I would change about this commercial. But on the other hand the commercial wasn't aimed towards kids, they aren't the ones buying car insurance. But that's beside the fact that this commercial lacked pathos. Logos This ad was a good example of logos- persuading an audience with reason. We all know we need gas to carry on our daily lives and Assurance made it simple. Its logic to wait a day to get gas cheaper. It Just doesn't make sense to pay more than you have to.And Assurance seed that logic to make a great commercial. Lets not forget to mention they said you could tell the future by using their product. Conclusion To wrap it all up they did great in two of the three categories of ethos pathos and logos. Even though they didn 't incorporate pathos in their commercial they still made a great ad. By observing the elements of ethos logos and pathos we can see that Assurance did a great Job in marketing their product to their audience. Next time your watching an ad keep these tactics in mind because they might Just be persuading you more than you think

Parenting: Abuse and Neglect Essay

Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The solemn responsibility of being parents to a child is grave, and the consequences are immense should they fail in any of the areas of parenthood. On the contrary, when it comes to deliberately hurting a child, or causing damage to their psyche’ as a person, the term â€Å"failure† would not be adequate or appropriate to describe its effects. Whether abusing or neglecting a small person, studies reveal that the results are almost the same: the destructive effects are colossal and prevailing for almost all of the rest of the child’s life. This paper attempts to describe, explain and enumerate various factors that point to parental abuse and neglect. It argues that though neglect and abuse may not have the same exact results or degree to the child or victim, both exhibit dire outcomes in the overall functioning and existence of the life of the child. Problem Statement   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The following statements of the problem guide the direction of this study with the succeeding chapter providing the description towards these problem statements. Answers to the problems are incorporated in the analysis and discussion of the findings and results. Statement of the Problem What is parenting abuse? What is parenting neglect and the manners that parents show or demonstrate this negative aspect in a child’s life? What are the facts to consider regarding family factors, the victim, and the perpetrator on the problem? Methodology   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The researcher utilized the convenience and accessibility of the World Wide Web and/or the internet, other books and journals available to the researcher. III. Analysis and Discussion of Findings and Results of study Parenting Abuse.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As cited by Dr. Richard Gardner in the American Journal of Family Therapy (Gardner, 2002p.6), parental abuse may take many and varied forms. Some of them are subtle and may be very difficult to identify especially when proving them in the court of law. However, parental abuse occurs when a parent treats a child in a manner that results in physical injury, emotional or psychological harm, or anything that might cause the child to be exposed to serious threats such as deprivation of necessary parental benefits which eventually results in lifelong incapacity in the life of the child (Hay, Tom. 1997 in Whipple and Webster-Stratton, 1991). When the parent abuses his/her position of trust, that of being the child’s guardian and caregiver, the consequent result are maltreatment and exploitation. This is, basically, parenting abuse. Parental Neglect.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What is parenting neglect, and what are its manifestations or the manners that parents show or demonstrate this negative treatment of a child? Parental neglect is definitely a form of parental abuse. It is defined as a disregard of the fundamental responsibilities on the part of parent, or parents, to provide for the child’s emotional, psychological, and physical development. When parents fail to provide an atmosphere where a child can feel loved, wanted, and sheltered within home environment, parental neglect is taking place. If the parents are constantly physically unavailable, or physically present but inattentive to the child’s legitimate needs, they are essentially abandoning their primary duty as guardians. Although not easily identified as physical assault, parental neglect is equally serious and as damaging to a child ((Hay, Tom. 1997 in Rodgers, 1994, p. 14). Factors that Contribute to the Overall Set-up of Abuse.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Facts point to many factors that must be considered when dealing with parental abuse and neglect.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Family Factors. Child abuse happens anywhere in the population regardless of socio-economic status of the neighborhood. It occurs even when the family is religious or totally agnostic, or in families from culturally diverse backgrounds. Nonetheless, studies reveal the greater tendency for those coming from the lower economic echelon to experience neglect ((Hay, Tom. 1997 in Trocme et al., pp.  94-98).   There is a higher incidence too, for physical abuse (but not so much with emotional abuse) among the poverty stricken (Hay, Tom. 1997 in Jones and K. McCurdy, 1992, pp. 201-215). Unemployment in the family system is a contributor to stress which results to the likelihood of ill-treatment ((Hay, Tom. 1997 in Krishnan and Morrison, 1995, pp. 101-113).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Victim. As early as in prenatal stage, abuse can take place. If a pregnant mother is alcohol or drug user, it poses a real threat to the child in the womb. The tendency of the baby to be born with birth defects is very high and might cause retardation in physical or mental growth. The high threat that is posed to a child in the belly of a self-destructive mother cannot be underestimated. If perchance the child is successfully carried to its full term, damage has already been done by consistent substance abuse. The usual objects of abuse are children – preschoolers and infants (Hay, Tom. 1997 in Hegar et al., 1994, pp. 170-183). It might be that because children are naturally weak, they are predisposed to maltreatments, and are often overlooked by parents when arguing which at times culminate in aggression. As is always the case, children are the ultimate victims in abusive homes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Abuser. As often is the case, parents who are abusive were themselves abused in their childhood years. Many of this kind are not ready for family life. They get none or little enjoyment from their experience as parents. These tend to isolate themselves from their community and have a way of controlling their families which is unnatural. The way they manage their households is through authoritarian means. Experts noted that abusive parents are usually afraid to expose themselves or be vulnerable, and are emotionally weak and therefore unable to ask for help or support from social work organizations, or at least from concerned relatives (Hay, Tom. 1997 in Caliso and Milner, 1994, pp. 27-44). Conclusion and Recommendations   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Because of the increasing number of cases of child custody in courts, rules and regulations as to who will be the rightful custodian of the child in contest are several times expanded. The pros and cons of different sides of the issues are weighed carefully and from these amendments came the existing balancing of â€Å"tender-years presumption,† â€Å"best-interests-of-the-child presumption,† and the â€Å"joint-custodial concept.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is assumed that because mothers are female, and therefore naturally more doting to their children, they are viewed as inherently better than men when it comes to child-rearing. This is the presupposition under the tender-years presumption. And so, because of this heavy leaning of the law on the side of the mothers, the father seeking for the custody of his child must present convincing proofs to the court of the deficiencies on the part of the mother for the court to give some consideration in transferring to the father primary custodial status. Here enters the best-interests-of-the-child presumption. It ignores gender in custodial considerations. Instead, its focus is on the capacities of both parents in raising the child. Factors are carefully considered, especially those that relate to the child’s best interests. Often, fathers are on the advantageous side in this argument and have greater opportunity to secure primary custody status. The decade of 80’s has witnessed a burgeoning of child custody litigations and it was during this decade that the joint-custodial concept has become the prevailing trend in matters of child guardianship.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   While courts of law has become sharper, and should I say, fairer, in meting out its judgment on child custody, it nonetheless created unintentionally a problem resulting from the constant amending and polishing of regulations in child custodianship. Parents in disputes, have now learned (either one of them or both) to manipulate and program the child to become alienated to the other parent. Experts call this problem â€Å"Parental Alienation Syndrome.† A parent who has the upper hand learns to scheme and make the child hostile to the estranged spouse in order to enhance his/her position in the course of the proceedings. PAS is a childhood disorder and is the actual result of the parents’ battle over the child in the court. If the child becomes hostile to one of his/her parents and engages in active campaign of denigration against this parent, the likelihood is that this child has been the victim of programming (brainwashing) by the other parent. This is parental alienation syndrome. And it uses the child in the campaign of vilification of the target parent (Gardner, 2002).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This is a pathetic scenario. Either of the parents definitely will finally win his/her case, but the one ending up to be the real loser is the child. Actually, the whole affair is itself an abuse of the child. Family is supposed to be a home and a place for children to grow healthy physically, emotionally, and intellectually. Home is not supposed to be a tug of war between parents where the rope being pulled is the child. Abuse and neglect should never become part of parenting styles. Reference Gardner, Richard. 2002. Parental Alienation Syndrome vs. Parental Alienation: Which diagnosis should evaluators use in child-custody disputes? The American Journal of Family Therapy, 30 (2): 93-115.New York:   Ã‚   Hay, Tom. 1997. 87 child abuse and neglect overview paper: in R.L. Hegar, S.J. Zuravin and J.G. Orme, â€Å"Factors    predicting severity of physical child abuse injury,†   Ã‚  Ã‚   Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 9(2), 1994, pp.    170-183. Accessed July 7, 2007 Hay, Tom. 1997. 87 child abuse and neglect overview paper: in E.E. Whipple and C. Webster-Stratton, â€Å"The role of parental   Ã‚   stress in physically abusive families,†   Ã‚  Ã‚   Child Abuse and Neglect, 15(3), 1991,pp.  279-291.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Accessed July 7, 2007   Ã‚   Hay, Tom. 1997. 87 child abuse and neglect overview paper: in K. Rodgers, â€Å"Wife assault: The findings of a    national survey,† Juristat Service Bulletin, Accessed July 7, 2007   Ã‚   Hay, Tom. 1997. 87 child abuse and neglect overview paper:in Trocme et al., supra note 6, pp.  94-98. Accessed   Ã‚   July 7,2007 Hay, Tom. 1997. 87 child abuse and neglect overview paper: in   Ã‚   D. Jones and K. McCurdy, â€Å"The links between   Ã‚   types of maltreatment and demographic characteristics    of children,’† Child Abuse and Neglect, 16(2), 1992, pp. 201-215. Accessed July 7, 2007 Hay, Tom. 1997. 87 child abuse and neglect overview paper: in V. Krishnan and K.B. Morrison, â€Å"An  ecological model of child maltreatment in a Canadian province,†   Ã‚   Child Abuse and Neglect, 19(1), 1995, pp. 101-113.    Accessed July 7, 2007   Ã‚   Hay, Tom. 1997. 87 child abuse and neglect overview paper: in J.A. Caliso and J.S. Milner, â€Å"Childhood physical    abuse, childhood social support and adult child abuse potential,† Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 9(1), 1994, pp. 27-44. Accessed July 7, 2007